ABSTRACT
Objective:
To conduct an international survey among geriatricians on their current home care practice and opinions on the role of geriatricians in home care.
Materials and Methods:
A survey consisting of 11 multiple-choice questions was administered to geriatricians from Turkey, Europe and the United States of America (USA) between January 2016 and March 2016. The survey included questions about the current practice of geriatricians in home care, Geriatric syndromes they observe in home care patients, opinions on whether the general practitioner should report the medical condition of home care patients to the geriatrician, what the geriatrician’s role should be and components of the comprehensive assessment form which should be included in home health care. Answers were collected in a single center.
Results:
Forty-three geriatricians from Turkey and 18 geriatricians from five different European countries and the USA participated in the survey. Forty-four percent (n=27) stated that they currently offer visits to home care patients. Eighty-two percent (n=50) of participants thought that geriatricians should provide consultations to home care patients and 44.3% (n=27) thought that geriatricians should visit patients directly.
Conclusion:
Almost 45% of geriatricians visit home care patients in their current practice. Nearly 85% of geriatricians thought that the general practitioner should report the medical condition of home care patients to the geriatrician, along with annual comprehensive geriatric assessment. Serving as a “consultant physician” was agreed upon by more than 80% of participants regarding the role of geriatricians in the practice of home care.
Introduction
The population aged 65 years and over is increasing worldwide. The World Health Organization reports that 125 million people are aged 80 years or older (1), which has resulted in an increasing demand for healthcare services globally (1,2). The population is aging in Turkey in a similar trend. Turkish Statistical Institute reports the proportion of the Turkish population aged 65 years and over has risen to 9.1% in 2019 (3). Caring for the growing number of elderly people and preventing disabilities are novel priorities both for the European Union and the Turkish Ministry of Health (4-6). Physical disability and frailty often increase with age, and cognitive disorders may trap the elderly in their home. Optimal home care can prevent undesirable outcomes including transition to intensive care or long-term care facilities (7). Consequently, social and healthcare services provided at home are becoming increasingly important.
Disparities are observed between countries regarding the role of the geriatrician in home care. Unfortunately, there is lack of data on the contribution of geriatricians to home care practice in Turkey. Understanding how geriatricians currently contribute to home care and their opinion on the issue might help improve home care services. In this study we surveyed geriatricians from Turkey, Europe and the United States of America (USA) to determine their role in home health care.
Materials and Methods
Study Design and Survey Development
A survey was developed based on the general guides of home care services and comprehensive geriatric assessment. The survey consisted of 11 multiple-choice questions about the current practice of geriatricians in home care, Geriatric syndromes they observe in home care patients; their opinions on whether the general practitioner (GP) should report the medical condition of home care patients to a geriatrician, what the role of a geriatrician should be and which components of the comprehensive assessment form should be included in home care practice. Some of the questions had multi select answer options (supplementary 1). Google Forms was used for online survey. The survey was administered to geriatricians from various cities in Turkey, Europe and the USA between January 2016-March 2016. Answers of the geriatricians who agreed to participate in the study were collected in a single center. Participants were able to answer the survey questions only once.
Statistics
The surveys were coded and scanned into a Google database. The proportions of answers to each question (with 95% CIs) were calculated.
Results
Sixty-one geriatricians participated in the survey. Forty-three were geriatricians from Turkey, 15 from 8 different European countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, Portugal, Principality of Monaco, and Spain) and 3 from the USA. Twenty-seven of 61 (44.2%) geriatricians stated that they offered visits to home care patients. Twenty-three (53.5%) Turkish geriatricians and 4 (22.2%) foreign geriatricians offered visits to home care patients. Among these 27 geriatricians, 92.6% (n=25, 19 Turkish and 6 foreign) offered phone consultations, 74.1% (n=20;15 Turkish and 5 foreign) examined the patient in-person; 18.5% (n=5, 2 Turkish and 3 foreign) stated that they consult patients at the request of their GPs (Table 1). Among participants offering visits to home care patients, 17 (40.5%) Turkish geriatricians visited 1 to 10 patients and 6 (14.3%) Turkish geriatricians visited 11 to 50 patients (monthly). One (5.6%) foreign geriatrician visited 1 to 10 patients and 2 (11.2%) foreign geriatricians visited 11 to 50 patients (monthly).
The most frequent Geriatric syndromes they observed in home care patients were as follows: malnutrition (56%), polypharmacy (51%), urinary or fecal incontinence (49.2%) and dementia (49.2%). The participants stated that the comprehensive assessment form should include assessments of malnutrition (96.7%), depression (90.2%), polypharmacy (88.5%), urinary incontinence (88.5%) and falls/fear of falls (88.5%) (Table 2). Eighty-four percent (n=51, 37 Turkish and 14 foreign) of participants thought that the GP should report the medical condition of home care patients (along with annual Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment) to the geriatrician.
The question regarding the responsibility of the geriatrician in home care practice had multi select answer options. A total of 82% (n=50, 35 Turkish and 15 foreign) believed that geriatricians should provide consultation for home care patients while 44.3% (n=27, 14 Turkish and13 foreign) thought that geriatricians should provide direct patient care (Table 3).
Discussion
This international survey revealed that up to 45% of geriatricians currently offer visits to home care patients. Nearly 85% of geriatricians thought that the GP should report the medical condition of home care patients (along with annual Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment) to the geriatrician. Regarding the geriatrician’s role in home care, more than 80% of participants stated that geriatricians should serve as “consultant physicians” for home care patients.
Practices in home health care for older adults have not been widely researched. A study from Istanbul/Turkey reported that 73% of calls for home care visits were requested by older adults (8). According to the study, although the demand was high, very few visits (13% of total) were actually delivered to older adults and people with disabilities. The authors of the aforementioned study (8) stated that som e older adults demanded home visits even though they had no serious medical restrictions. They had repeat requests for difficulty in walking, joint pain or only psychological/emotional demands. Other reasons for the limited number of visits delivered were time constraints, biases involving the selection of patients and lack of training. Older adults mostly required home care services for “Geriatric syndromes” such as decreased functionality, chronic pain and depression, all of which need to be evaluated through “comprehensive geriatric assessment”. Unmet treatment needs may have led older adults to call home services repetitiously. Hence, the contribution of a geriatrician might make a significant difference. A previous study held in China reported that services addressing the needs of dementia patients’ and their caregivers were lacking in quality and quantity (9). Physicians in the rural areas were not confident in their skills for diagnosing and treating dementia. Another study concluded that geriatricians and GPs need to work in collaboration to provide the best possible home health care (10). However, from the GPs perspective, a consultant physician may not know the complete history as opposed to a GP’s personal relationship with the patient (11). As the results of our survey indicate, patients may be consulted with a geriatrician on the GP’s request and the GP may then orchestrate the patient’s overall management.
We observed a difference between Turkish and foreign geriatricians in their answers to a few questions. Turkish geriatricians generally visited higher number of patients than foreign geriatricians. A higher number of foreign geriatricians, as compared to Turkish geriatricians, thought that geriatricians should visit the patients directly besides serving as a consultant (72.2% vs 33.3%, respectively). This may be because the job description of physicians, health care systems, availability and public funding of home care services vary across countries (12).
It has been shown that geriatric intervention provides clinical benefits such as early discharge from hospital, cost-effectiveness, reduced incidence of polypharmacy and reduced mortality (13-15). Geriatricians contribute greatly to the home health care of elderly with respect to quality of life, frailty and other Geriatric syndromes (16,17). Older population is a significant user of health services, thus public health network has been reorganizing to adapt to the increasing demand for caring older adults (4,5,18,19). Therefore, the contribution of geriatric assessment in home care practice is becoming ever more crucial. In the present study, participants mostly agreed that the contribution of geriatricians to home health care was necessary. Moreover, almost all participants agreed on evaluating Geriatric syndromes through comprehensive geriatric assessment. A higher prevalence of Geriatric syndromes such as dementia, urinary incontinence and malnutrition were reported in home care patients. Dementia, one of the major causes of disability among the elderly, often coexists with malnutrition. A reduction in energy intake, atrophy of brain regions which control appetite and energy balance, change in dietary habits and swallowing problems may account for this observation (20). Urinary incontinence is also a common problem in advanced dementia, making it one of the most frequently reported Geriatric syndromes in our survey.
Our study has some drawbacks and strengths. First of all, the number of foreign participants were slightly lower. In addition, as health care systems vary across countries, attitudes and practices of physicians related to home care may differ considerably. Thus, a larger study sample is needed to be able to generalize our results. As has been stated in a review on home care (21), studies that provide detailed information on the issue of home care, especially those comparing countries, are limited. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first in literature to question the role of geriatricians in home care practice. Further international studies which focus on the recommendations of geriatricians regarding home health care may help improve health care services for the elderly population worldwide.
Conclusion
Geriatricians in Turkey and abroad thought that the medical condition of home care patients should be reported to them and that they should serve as “consultant physicians”.