Introduction
Intestinal obstruction is a common condition in older adults, regardless of gender. It represents approximately 1-3% of all hospitalizations, of which 10-15% are located in the large intestine, with the sigmoid colon being the most frequent site. The main etiologies are cancer, adhesions, diverticular disease and volvulus (1,2). Initial medical treatment includes intravenous fluids, electrolyte replacement and gastric decompression, with a success rate of 77-96%; in case of failure, decompression by endoscopy or surgery is recommended (3). Regarding the latter, studies show mortality and postoperative complications of 29.8% and 47.9%, respectively (4).
This case report aims to draw attention to the use of milk and molasses enemas as an alternative therapy to surgical management in older adults whose diagnosis is intestinal obstruction and refuses surgical procedure.
Case Report
An 86-year-old male was admitted to the emergency department with a seven-day history of constipation treated with sennosides and polyethylene glycol without clinical response, his symptomatology worsened by adding abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting.
His personal history included left and right hip replacements 1 and 3 years ago, respectively; chronic constipation, sleep maintenance insomnia and severe mixed dementia (Alzheimer’s and vascular) diagnosed 3 years ago; a radical prostatectomy 8 years ago; and being a heavy smoker since a young age (a 40 pack-year history). He was under treatment with citalopram, quetiapine and melatonin due to neuropsychiatric symptoms.
At comprehensive geriatric assessment, severe dependency (Barthel index 0/100), immobility, living with very severe frailty according to the clinical frailty scale, SARC-F of 10 points compatible with probable sarcopenia, malnutrition by mini nutritional assessment of 5 points, and a mini-mental state examination of 19 points indicated impairment in space-time orientation, attention, memory and concentration.
His physical examination revealed a distended abdomen, increased metallic bowel sounds flank and left iliac fossa pain on palpation. A digital rectal examination showed neither stool nor bleeding. Lab tests revealed leukocytosis and neutrophilia. After that, an abdominal X-ray was performed, finding data compatible with intestinal occlusion in the descending colon and sigmoid colon with dilation of 10 cm (Figure 1A). An abdominal computed tomography scan was then performed to rule out the possibility of abdominal pain being caused by diverticular diseases, volvulus, abscess, or neoplasm, which revealed an intestinal occlusion in the sigmoid colon (Figure 1B).
Conservative management was initiated by placing a nasogastric tube without material drainage; after that, surgical treatment was offered, which the patient and relatives refused for fear of possible surgical complications. Levofloxacin 750 mg was started, as well as “Mayo enemas” every 24 hours for three days, which consisted of “300 milliliters of milk and 50 milliliters of molasses”, heated to 35 °C/ 95°F. His labs were as follows prior to the application of enemas: White blood cells 14x109/mL, neutrophils 12x109/mL, hemoglobin 10 g/dL, platelets 322x109/mL, prothrombin time 20.5, INR 1, sodium 131.2 mEq/L, potassium 3.47 mEq/L, chloride 98 mEq/L, phosphorus 2.7 mg/dL, bicarbonate 24 mEq/L, magnesium 2 mg/dL, calcium 8.1 mg/dL, basic urea nitrogen 17.71 mg/dL and creatinine 0.39 mg/dL, where, following application, there was abundant evacuation and symptom relief but no bleeding; intravenous fluids and potassium phosphate replacement were indicated. After 24 hours, his labs did not reveal any electrolyte abnormality, and after three days of enemas and evacuation, an abdominal X-ray was performed, which showed improvement of the occlusion (Figure 1C). His labs were white blood cells 8.8x109/mL, neutrophils 4.9x109/mL, hemoglobin 10.7 g/dL, platelets 319x109/mL, prothrombin time 20.2, INR 1.1, sodium 133 mEq/L, potassium 4 mEq/L, chloride 96.4 mEq/L, phosphorus 3 mg/dL, bicarbonate 22 mEq/L, magnesium 2.2 mg/dL, calcium 8.4 mg/dL, basic urea nitrogen 8.13 mg/dL and creatinine 0.3 mg/dL. After that, polyethylene glycol was added to his prescription, and he was discharged to go home.
Discussion
The management of geriatric patients is complex. In this case, due to the state of functionality, comorbidities, and family consensus, non-surgical management was decided, so the use of enemas was offered as a conservative therapeutic alternative (5).
The use of enemas based on milk and molasses for constipation has been used in medical practice, although most of the evidence is in the pediatric population. It is postulated that at the gastrointestinal level it produces a hyperosmotic effect and increased gas, promoting softening and expulsion of feces (6,7). However, there are disadvantages and complications as it is an invasive procedure, such as pain, bleeding and intestinal perforation, with an estimated mortality of 38.3% when it happens (8).
Regarding the frequency of complications, studies have produced conflicting results; hemodynamic deterioration and one death have been reported in children after milk enema (9), furthermore, a study reported that in eleven older patients after flee sodium phosphate enema, there was a decline in renal function and five patients died (10). Nevertheless, based on a study in which enemas based on milk and molasses were performed on 159 hospitalized patients, none of these adverse events were reported (11) and in one study of 261 patients in the emergency department, only 3.1% reported complications (8). Additionally, by comparison with sodium phosphate enema, both are described as equally safe and effective (12).
Frailty plays a major role in our medical practice. In the ELF study, frailty increased mortality complications and hospital stay regardless of age in emergency laparotomy, where 50% of patients presented with intestinal obstruction and mortality was 19.5% at ninety days (13); additionally, one study found that after an emergency bowel obstruction operation, 29.8% of patients died within thirty days, and 47.1% had a postoperative complication; this population was older than the ELF population (4).
Overall, intestinal obstruction is an important cause of mortality in older adults, so early identification improves survival. Geriatricians should recognize this disease in older adults, most of the patients respond to medical treatment, but there is a portion who will require a surgical procedure or decompressive endoscopy, which are safe in this population (14). Despite being candidates, some patients and families may object to invasive procedures like those in our case. In this scenario, comorbidities, quality of life, the clinical picture, geriatric syndromes and family expectations are important to making the best decision.
We acknowledge the limitations of using milk and molasses enema for colonic obstruction in older adults, as the majority of the evidence comes from the pediatric population, as well as the possibility of complications following its use. Therefore, we advocate using it as an alternative treatment in specific situations, such as ours, and obtaining written informed consent from family and patients after explaining all of the possible alternatives, all of the above, considering clinical, judgment and individualizing each case. In cases of lactose intolerance, we recommend avoiding it.
This case demonstrates that Mayo enema may be an option in geriatric patients who are unable to undergo surgery or decompressive endoscopy for intestinal obstruction due to medical, environmental, or personal reasons.
The patient’s comorbidities prevented the surgeon from performing the surgery, so the enemas were a rapid and efficient option in a grim situation where the patient’s life was in danger. The caretakers appreciated the conservative management.
Ethics
Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from the patient.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Authorship Contributions
Concept: L.E.M.B., J.C.D.V., Design: L.E.M.B., J.D.G.R., Data Collection or Processing: L.E.M.B., J.D.G.R., Analysis or Interpretation: L.E.M.B., Literature Search: L.E.M.B., J.D.G.R., J.R.B.M., Writing: L.E.M.B., J.D.G.R., J.R.B.M., J.C.D.V.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.